To travel inside Argentina you can take a domestic flight, considering that distances are long. Then, you can combine this with land routes.
There are many airlines that operate domestic flights: Aerolíneas Argentinas/Austral, Andes, LADE. Domestic flights and flights to Uruguay depart from the Jorge Newbery Airport – The departure tax has a value of USD 7 for domestic flights and USD 8 for flights towards Uruguay.
Regarding to land routes, long-distance buses depart every day from the Retiro Bus Station towards the main cities of the country. These buses usually offer meals on board and count with air conditioner.
You can also travel by train in some parts of the country. Buenos Aires counts with two important Train Stations: Retiro and Constitución. There are also Touristic Trains like the one which goes through the northern area of Buenos Aires, the Train of the End of the World (Ushuaia) or the Train to the Clouds (Salta).